Polonnaruwa: The Medieval Marvel of Sri Lanka
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Polonnaruwa, located in Sri Lanka’s North Central Province, is an ancient city that served as the island’s second capital after the fall of Anuradhapura. Renowned for its well-preserved ruins and stunning archaeological sites, it stands as a testament to the ingenuity and sophistication of Sri Lanka’s medieval rulers. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Polonnaruwa attracts history enthusiasts and travelers seeking a glimpse into the island’s illustrious past.
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- Chola Conquest and Sinhalese Revival:
Polonnaruwa rose to prominence in the 10th century CE under Chola rule and flourished under the Sinhalese kings who reclaimed it in the 11th century, particularly King Vijayabahu I. - Golden Age:
The city experienced its golden era during the reign of King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186), who oversaw extensive development in governance, irrigation, and culture. - Decline:
By the 13th century, Polonnaruwa was abandoned as the capital due to repeated invasions and shifting political centers.
- Sacred Buddhist Sites:
- Gal Vihara: Features four magnificent Buddha statues carved into granite, showcasing exceptional craftsmanship and serene spirituality.
- Rankoth Vehera: A massive stupa reflecting the spiritual and architectural achievements of the era.
- Royal Palace Complex:
- Palace of King Parakramabahu: The ruins suggest a once grand seven-story structure, indicating the grandeur of royal life.
- Council Chamber: Intricately carved stone pillars that highlight the sophistication of governance and artistry.
- Irrigation Wonders:
- Parakrama Samudra (Sea of Parakrama): A vast man-made reservoir demonstrating advanced hydraulic engineering that supported agriculture and urban life.
- Hindu Shrines:
- Shiva Devalayas: Reflect the city’s multicultural heritage with temples dedicated to Hindu deities, a legacy of the Chola influence.
- Exploring Ruins:
The well-preserved ruins of temples, stupas, and palaces provide a fascinating glimpse into medieval Sri Lankan life. - Cycling Through History:
Polonnaruwa’s flat terrain makes it ideal for exploring by bicycle, offering a leisurely way to experience the vast archaeological park. - Wildlife Encounters:
The surrounding areas, including the Wasgamuwa National Park, offer opportunities for wildlife safaris, making Polonnaruwa a blend of history and nature.
- Polonnaruwa reflects the synthesis of Buddhism and Hinduism, symbolizing the coexistence of diverse cultures and religions.
- It remains a significant pilgrimage site for Buddhists, especially for its sacred relics and stupas.
Today, Polonnaruwa is a vibrant blend of its glorious past and rural charm. The ancient city draws scholars, history buffs, and travelers who marvel at its artistic, cultural, and technological achievements.
